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Who Invented Bowling

There is always a debate as who and when invented bowling. Many historians have different approaches and thesis to show the origin of this extremely popular modern game. A study states that it was in the Stone Age where the game originally got its origin. Many archeologists have associated the game with the Egyptians.

A British anthropologist, Flinders Petrie, in his study found some extremely interesting facts on the grave of a child. However many deny to believe the fact. Another country where the game is believed to have a possible origin is Germany. It has been argued that priests in Germany used a form of the game in many religious ceremonies. An association with the Germans has been discussed in many contexts.

Bowling Who Invented Bowling

England too is argued by many as the originator of bowling. The western countries have immensely contributed in the development of the game. There have been vast changes on the rules and equipments of Bowling. Many don’t know that bowling acts as an excellent exercise and is great for muscles. It is now a part of many health and sports club in many countries. Te popularity of the game is increased much more in the last two centuries.

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Who Invented the Abacus

Abacus is the oldest calculating and counting device. Its origin dates back to 2700 – 2300BC in the Sumerian times. However, abacus as we know today was invented by Chinese during 2nd century BC. It is also referred to as counting device that has been used in Asia and Africa for arithmetical calculations.

The development of abacus can be classified into three stages namely Ancient Age, Middle Age and the Modern Age. Prior to the invention of abacus, Inca Empire had developed a counting system called Quipu. Simplest and oldest counting methods of ancient times included drawing lines in the sand and using fingers.

Abacus Who Invented the Abacus

The Abacus was constructed with stones and beans that were moved on a table of wood, metal or stone. The beads were switched from vertical counting to horizontal counting. The major benefit of this counting device was that these beans could be moved without interrupting the calculation. Later the device was constructed with bamboo frames with colourful beads and pebbles. The oldest counting board could not be used for a long time because they were designed with perishable materials.

Before the adoption of modern numeric writing system, abacus system of counting was widely used by traders, merchants and clerks in Asia and Africa. The usage of abacus began to diminish when the arithmetic counting using writing the numbers gained popularity in the later part of middle ages. The person who uses an abacus is called an abacist.

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Who Invented Calculus

The vast history of calculus has its history that goes back to 1820 BC. Egyptians had calculus but did not know the exact formulas, some of which are today considered invalid. Later on Archimedes developed the study of limits which was earlier studied by Greek mathematician Euxodus. The formulas for finding the areas of geometrical shapes were later developed in countries like China in 3rd century AD. The history of derivative came in 12th century when Bhaskara II from India developed the use of infinitesimal change. This was later known in modified terms as the Rolle’s teorem.

Issac Newton’s contribution to physics and mathematics is vast and calculus is one of them. He not just gave the chain and the product rule; he also focused his study on the use of higher derivatives. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is a popular mathematician who made calculus as systematic as it is today. His contribution in spelling out the exact rules of calculus was as significant as Newton’s application of calculus in mathematics and physics. A debate on the title of the inventor of calculus went on for long. However both are considered as the inventors of calculus in own right as their approaches were much different.

Calculus Who Invented Calculus

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Who Invented Boolean Logic

Boolean logic was first invented 19th century by George Boole after whom the branch is named. Boolean logic is considered as the main base for computer digital logic and has paved way for information technology. He is known for his statement where he said that no general method for solution of probability can be established which doesn’t recognize the universal laws of thought. According to him the laws of thought form the basis of all reasoning.

The logic of Boolean algebra as invented by Boole consists of only two possible outcomes of a problem. The outcomes are either written as ‘true or false’ or ‘1 or 0”. The three operations that are common are “and”, “or”, “not”. There is a lot of similarity in Boolean algebra and sets in terms of logic. Computer languages and relational databases too use Boolean algebra to some extent. It’s used to combine tables in database and is known as a “join” in the database. It is also a part of algebraic course in high schools and colleges and is studied by mathematicians all over the world. George Booles theory and research on the subject was published in the year 1847 in the name of “The Mathematical Analysis of Logic.”

Boolean Logic

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Who Invented Biometrics

Joao De Barros a European explorer first invented the finger printing technology in 14th century. A policeman from Paris used the system to study and identify the criminals.

The term biometrics has been derived from Greek words bios – means life, and metron – means measures. It is the study of development of automatic methods for identification and validation of unique physical and behavioural traits of individuals. The term is also used to refer to self assessment through automated methods.

Biometrics Who Invented Biometrics

The term biometrics is also used as a noun to refer to the characteristics of particular measurement and as an adjective to explain the products, technologies and measurements in this field. For instance, assessment and identification of unique physical characters like eye retinas, facial patterns, finger prints, DNA sequences, hand measurements, etc. Sometimes voice is also included in the behavioural pattern and characteristics.

However, biometric systems have several technical limitations and associated with certain error ratings. Since the system is used for observing the behavioural pattern, it should not interrupt the privacy and freedom of an individual. Misusing the technology may lead to opposite side effects. Similarly, the information derived from the examination should be safeguarded in a proper way otherwise criminal minds may aggravate the problem of identity theft and steal valuable information.

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Who Invented Astrology

Astrology is an ancient science which was originated by the Babylonians and its use can be dated back to as early as 3000B.C. The term ‘astrology’ is a Greek word literally meaning ’Science of the Stars’. The Babylonians applied this science to predict future events such as wars, metrological conditions, famines etc. It is believed that they were the first ones to notice how the position of the sun influenced the seasons and the agricultural cycles.

Babylonians also made use of calculations and mathematical means for making future predictions. This system proved to be very effective in making natal horoscopes and related predictions. The Babylonian studies regarding astrology later spread out and gained acceptance in the Middle East, India, China and other parts of Asia.

Astrology Who Invented Astrology

The Greeks added their own concepts and improvised upon the early systems of astrology formulated in Babylon. In fact the Greeks were the first ones to create horoscopic astrology and to introduce the study of the position of the sun and planets in order to determine the future course of one’s life.

The evolution of astrology till date has been long and varied. However it is as relevant in the modern times as it was before. It is therefore relied on extensively by people from all walks of life for guidance on various domains such as business, marriage, health etc.

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Who Invented Algebra

Algebra is the major branch of mathematics that deals with study of operations and relation, construction methods, concepts, polynomial equation and much more. A mathematician named Al-Khwarizmi invented the algebra. He wrote about algebra in one of his books in the year 820.

The term algebra has been derived from the Arabic word Al-Jabr, which means equation and was the title of inventor Al-Khwarizmi’s book. He was the first person who has solved the difficult quadratic equations by using his techniques. The equations solved by him include the linear equation, linear intermediate equation, second order intermediate equation, etc. These equations solved by him are still in use. He also availed the credit of teaching the algebra in an elementary form. He was rewarded by being named the ‘father of algebra’.

Algebra Who Invented Algebra

Algebra at elementary stages is recognized as a part of curriculum of secondary level education. Algebra at higher education is much broader in scope and more advanced than the lower level of basic algebra. Today algebra has become a very significant and important part of pure mathematical study which includes geometry, topology, number theory and analysis, etc.,

The basic concept of algebra includes addition and multiplication and it is reflected in several structures namely rings, fields and groups. The study of these structures in mathematics is referred to as abstract algebra.

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Who Invented the Ball and Jack Game

Ball and jack game originated 2000 years ago. It has been referred to as different names in different regions. It was called as the jack game in the ancient period by Egyptians and Romanians. It was also referred to as jack stones, jack rocks, five stones, knuckle bones, snobs, etc. Children used pebbles, small stones or bones of small animals to play the game.

Older version of games used five stones made of clay, wood, animal bones, ivory, plastic, etc., Later the stones started being replaced by balls and then by pointed metal pieces. The pointed metal pieces are made with smaller bones of animals. The stones or other materials used in the game are referred to as jacks. The game is generally played by two people.

Ball and Jack Game

The player needed to toss the jacks in the air and catch it on the back of his hand. He then needs to toss the same jack on the back of the hand and finally catch as many jacks as possible in his or her palm. Each player then puts down all but one jack, tosses this jack high in the air while he tries to pick up all the remaining jacks lying on the ground before he is needed to catch the jack he tossed in the same hand. These stones or balls were tossed in the air in a way similar to the latest version of the game.

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Who Invented Blackjack

Blackjack is a casino game invented in American casinos. No one person can get the credit for inventing Blackjack as the game has evolved over the years. This game is also referred to as Twenty-One. It is one of the most popular gambling games in the world of casino. It was invented in 17th century. In the earlier days, it was called as twenty – one only. When the game was introduced in the United States, it was not so very popular and not so impressive either. And to attract and invite quality gamblers, gambling houses offered several bonus payouts to the players.

One of those bonus included was a ten to one payout to the player, if player contained an ace of spades and a black jack in his hand. And the name of the game was retained blackjack even though the bonus payouts were abolished soon. Now the game can be played without a blackjack and even without black cards.

Blackjack Who Invented Blackjack

The game is popular till date even after 300 years from the date of its introduction. But the reason for the popularity could not be identified. It is a simple gambling game that even a child can pick up in less than a minute. To get huge profit from the play, the gambler should have time and patience for complicated card counting. The game has been equally popular in domestic and family circles. Today blackjack game is also available in an online version.

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Who Invented Barbie

Barbie is a fashion doll produced in the year 1959. Ruth handler, an American businesswoman designed the Barbie. She got the inspiration from her daughter who preferred adult figured dolls. Most of the dolls at that time were baby dolls. She exhibited her first Barbie in March 9, 1959 at American International Toy Fair. The first Barbie was made in Japan. The fashion dolls were manufactured by the company called Mattel Inc, which was run by Elliot Handler, the better half of Ruth handler. The doll was named after their daughter Barbara.

When exhibited, the womanly figured doll with painted face got mixed reviews. It had been prophesised that the Barbie doll will be a successful product that will stand in the market for more than forty years. Today, even after 40 years this doll has not lost it popularity and generations of mothers and daughters have allowed this doll to be a part of their best childhood memories. The history of toy market not only received a new shape, but also more strength and courage.

Barbie Who Invented Barbie

In the year 1997, Barbie girl song was released by Aqua was a great hit. The interesting fact about the Barbie dolls is that three dolls are sold every second and more than one million Barbie doll collectors are seen worldwide. Among these collectors, more than 45,000 people spend about $1,000 a year in purchasing the dolls and over one billion dolls have been sold in more than 140 countries worldwide.

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